The following articles are from the Hydrogen language

Professor kyu Jae Lee (Department of environmental medical biology, Yuanzhou Medical College, Yonsei University), made a recent review on the research of hydrogen on nervous system diseases, which was published in Processes.

Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are important pathophysiological bases of many neurological diseases. Although oxidative damage has important clinical significance in neurological diseases, there is no effective and safe treatment for neurological diseases. Hydrogen medicine came into being under this background. As a high-quality antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, hydrogen has a therapeutic effect on a variety of oxidative stress-related diseases. Among them, nervous system disease is not only the earliest studied disease type, but also the most promising target for clinical application.

As a therapeutic gas, hydrogen can be used in a variety of ways, including gas inhalation and gas solution (drunk or injected) and these three methods can be used as a treatment tool for neurological diseases.

This paper reviews some important advances in the research at home and abroad in recent years. Hydrogen is used in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, as well as in neonatal cerebral ischemia injury and other nerve injury diseases, such as retinal ischemia and traumatic brain injury. Although most neurological problems are currently incurable, these studies show that hydrogen has the potential for prevention, treatment, and remission. The possible basis for hydrogen production of these effects is that it acts as a signal molecule and hormone to prevent oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects. At present, the main problem is that the clinical research evidence is relatively insufficient, and the target molecule of hydrogen effect is still unclear.

Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of various aging diseases, usually leading to the gradual death and increase of neuronal cells, resulting in the impairment of motor and memory functions of patients. The exact mechanism of neurodegenerative disease remains unclear. However, more and more evidences show that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many brain related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), cerebral ischemia and other brain injuries. Maintaining a moderate level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential for our cells to perform normal biological functions. However, the massive production of reactive oxygen species is the cause of oxidative damage, which may lead to cell apoptosis. This overproduction of reactive oxygen species seems likely to lead to modification of the structure and function of cellular biomolecules, including proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and lipids. Thus ultimately limiting neural function and survival and neurodegenerative conditions in the brain of patients are often observed. The central nervous system uses a large amount of oxygen to carry out physiological processes, thereby generating a large number of free radicals. Endogenous antioxidant systems, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione, play an important role in rescuing brain cells from oxidative stress and maintaining correct redox balance in brain tissues by stimulating antioxidant defense mechanisms to balance reactive oxygen species. These enzyme antioxidants are chain breaking antioxidants that can scavenge free radicals. Manganese containing SOD reduces the superoxide radical anion generated in the electron transport chain of the mitochondrial matrix, while cat and / or GPX play a key role in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Several studies have reported the reduction of antioxidant enzyme activities (such as cat and SOD) levels in neurological diseases such as PD. Interestingly, one study showed that impaired SOD activity may lead to oxidative stress-related pathogenesis in PD and AD. In addition, studies have shown that silencing of CAT activity leads to increased cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species, which represents an important role of cat in maintaining oxidative balance

Emerging evidence clearly emphasizes and confirms the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, in recent years, researchers have been interested in assessing the role of antioxidants in preventing and alleviating these diseases. Natural antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes play a key role in reducing cellular reactive oxygen species. Recently, hydrogen molecule, as a safe and effective non functional gas, has attracted great attention in the medical field by scavenging hydroxyl radicals (• oh) and peroxynitrite (ONOO -) to reduce oxygen free radicals. Various studies have emphasized that hydrogen reduces the pathophysiology of various diseases by reducing oxidative stress. There are many convenient and effective ways for hydrogen treatment, such as inhalation, oral hydrogen rich water, injection of hydrogen rich saline, and direct incorporation (bath solution, eye drops, etc.). Hydrogen has been reported to be used as a therapeutic gas in the rat model of ischemia-reperfusion brain injury, and has been reported to have a preventive effect on the white matter model and the optic nerve injury. In addition, the antioxidant effect of hydrogen on dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra compacta has been studied in animal models. Moreover, interestingly, another study showed that drinking hydrogen dissolved water and intermittent water contact prevented PD neurotoxicity. A clinical trial conducted by Nagatani and his colleagues showed that intravenous hydrogen water is safe for patients with acute cerebral infarction, including those treated with tissue type plasminogen activator. In addition, a study showed that inhalation of hydrogen concealed brain injury caused midbrain occlusion in rats, improved cognitive scores, and alleviated brain injury in patients with acute cerebral infarction. Different clinical and preclinical studies on mild cognitive impairment have found that hydrogen has therapeutic and regenerative effects. Most brain injuries in our nervous system respond to neuroinflammation, characterized by phenotypic changes in microglia and astrocytes, as well as overproduction of free radicals, cytokines, and neurotrophic factors. There is evidence that regulating the redox status of microglia plays an important role in regulating the neuroinflammatory response. Studies have shown that regular intake of hydrogen water can reduce the intensity of acute behavioral outcomes and promote the recovery of neuroinflammation. In animal models, hydrogen can reduce the activation of proinflammatory cytokines, microglia and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) to reduce oxidative damage and neuroinflammation in fetal brain. In addition, one study showed that hydrogen can reduce serum neuron specific enolase, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α) It has protective effect on neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Therefore, this review article focuses on the involvement of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases and the role of hydrogen in the treatment of these diseases

Reference

Rahman, M..H.; Bajgai, J.; Fadriquela, A.; Sharma, S.; Trinh Thi, T.; Akter, R.; Goh, S.H.; Kim, C.-S.; Lee, K.-J. Redox Effects of Molecular Hydrogen and Its Therapeutic Efficacy in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Processes 2021, 9, 308.

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